Leishmaniosis
transmitted by sand flies
Leishmaniosis
Canine visceral leishmaniosis is caused by Leishmania infantum, a pathogen transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The transmission mainly occurs when these small (2mm) flies bite and take blood from dogs or humans. Other routes of transmission are possible including reproduction and blood transfusion. In dogs, the clinical signs of this disease are very complex: general signs such as fever, weakness, loss of appetite and weight loss, skin lesions, eye problems, renal issues. When dogs are affected by leishmaniosis, the signs may take several months or even years to appear. During this subclinical phase, dogs are easier to manage for the veterinarian. That’s why early detection is crucial. The treatment is long-life, to improve life’s quality and expectancy.
As leishmaniosis is easier to prevent than to treat, recommendations, especially in endemic areas, have been established:
• The combination of a repellent parasiticide with proven efficacy against sand flies all year round, plus considering vaccination as advised by your veterinarian.
• Reduce sand flies favorite developing sites near your home, such as organic material like compost, bins, woodpiles.
• Keep your dog indoor from dusk to dawn.
Geographical distribution
Canine leishmaniosis is mainly present in warm zones where the insect vectors are active. The geographical distribution is constantly evolving on the world map, with the emergence of new endemic and peri-endemic areas because of globalization and climate changes.
To know if you live or if you plan to travel with your dog in a leishmaniosis endemic area, check with the real-time leishmaniosis dog's map.
Discover more about the epidemiology of leishmaniosis and how the distribution of leishmaniosis is changing on the map with Pr. Guadalupe Miró (Complutense University of Madrid, Spain).
Leishmaniosis map
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Learn more about the diseases
Babesiosis
Canine babesiosis is a vector-borne disease caused by Babesia spp. protozoa.
These parasites are mainly transmitted by ticks.
Different species of Babesia can be involved and may require different therapeutic protocols.
The distribution of the species is highly linked to the distribution of their respective tick vectors.
For example, in Europe, B. canis is spread by Dermacentor ticks and recently spreading North.
Lyme borreliosis
Canine Lyme borreliosis is a Vector-Borne Disease caused by Borrelia spp. bacteria transmitted by Ixodes ticks.
Different species of Borrelia can be involved depending on the geographic location.
For example, while only B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was found in North America, many other species can infect dogs in Europe.
Dogs are not a competent reservoir of the pathogen but they represent a useful sentinel reflecting the risk of infection of their owners.
Cutaneous dirofilariosis
Canine cutaneous dirofilariosis is a zoonotic Vector-Borne Disease caused by a nematode parasite named Dirofilaria repens.
This parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes while they bite and canids are the major reservoir.
Humans can also be infected by the vector but it's a benign infection.
Heartworm
Canine heartworm is a life-threatening Vector-Borne Disease caused by a nematode parasite named Dirofilaria immitis.
This parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes while they bite.
Despite considerable efforts for prevention, the disease keeps spreading in different zones of the world.
Leishmaniosis
Canine visceral leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by a protozoan pathogen named Leishmania infantum.
Although other routes of transmission are possible, this parasite is mainly transmitted by the bites of small phlebotomine sand flies.
It's a severe zoonotic disease spreading across the world.
Anaplasmosis
Canine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by an intra-cellular bacteria (Anaplasma phagocytophilum or A. platys). Also called tick-fever, this pathogen is transmitted by Ixodes ticks. The first signs can be observed after an incubation of 1 to 2 weeks after the infectious bite.
Ehrlichiosis
Canine ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by an intra-cellular bacteria (Ehrlichia spp.).
This pathogen is usually transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.
Transmission can occur within the first three hours of the tick infestation.
Clinical signs can be severe and and tick control is the first line of prevention.
Tick-borne encephalitis - TBE
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vector-borne disease caused by a flavivirus (family Flaviviridae).
This pathogen is transmitted within a few minutes through Ixodes tick bites.
In addition to fever, tick-borne encephalitis infection is characterized by changes in behavior and neurologic signs.
The severe form is often fatal for dogs.
This vector-borne disease is predominantly found in central, eastern and northern Europe.